Diabetes mellitus: symptoms and treatment

Diabetes mellitus belongs to the group of endocrine diseases. The pathology is developed in case of violation of the production or action on the tissues of insulin: the hormone of the islet system of the pancreas, which contributes to the absorption of glucose. Sugar can accumulate in the blood (hyperglycemia) and in urine (glucosuria).

A long violation of glucose elimination leads to a disorder of all types of metabolism. The pathology of the islot apparatus often proceeds with different in terms of gravity due to disorders of other organs and systems. The unarmed of small vessels, retina, kidneys and nervous system are characteristic.

Typically, diabetes mellitus has quite pronounced metabolism deviations and is easily diagnosed. It is more difficult to identify the disease in the initial and preclinical stage when the patient's complaints are minimal or absent. This requires an intense study in depth. The identification of the disease in the early stages is an important condition for effective treatment and prevention prevention.

If you need to undergo an integral exam for endocrinopathy or are looking for where to cure diabetes mellitus only for professional doctors. Patient services are endocrinologists and laboratory experienced with modern diagnostic equipment for high precision research.

The main symptoms of diabetes mellitus

This disease is characterized by a series of complaints and objective characteristics detected by laboratory diagnostic tests. The first manifestations of diabetes are quite diverse. Separate signs or the group of symptoms that the disease may indicate include:

• Specific metabolic disorders: change of body weight, thirst, increased urination, constant feeling of hunger;
• Non -specific general complaints: loss of strength, fatigue to minor loads, drowsiness, muscle weakness;
• Dry skin, itching in the genital area, around the anus;
• Often, recurrent boils, slow healing of wounds;
• Decay dry mouth, a sensation of swelling of the oral mucosa;
• Bad state of the teeth, inappropriate at age;
• Neuritas with peripheral sensitivity deteriorated;
• Change in sexual and reproductive functions: loss of attraction, infertility, birth of large babies;
• defeat of the vision organs;
• Cardiovascular system complaints.

Often, symptoms do not cause anxiety in the patient, and he does not consider it necessary to consult a doctor. Sometimes, any manifestation of the disease is absent, and hyperglycemia is only with a planned exam.

The most characteristic of the pathology of the islet apparatus are the complaints of the metabolic:

• Polyuria (fast urine). With hypoinsulinism, urine isolation often occurs in large quantities. Its daily volumes exceed 3 liters. The urine of the day prevails, without pain.
• Polydipsia (thirst). The increase in thirst is due to dehydration. The amount of fluid drunk exceeds 3 liters. Often, patients prefer sweetened drinks to put out thirst.
• Change of weight. A decrease in body weight is due to fluid loss, proteins, fats, carbohydrates. Excess weight can precede the disease or contribute to its development.
• POLIFAGE (APTET INCREASE). Preference is given to sweet foods rich in carbohydrates. In the initial stage of the disease, hunger manifests itself more frequently in the form of painful seizures.

If pathological signs are found in the hospital for diabetics or in a diagnostic center for a determined exam.

Factors that affect the development of diabetes mellitus

In diabetes development mechanisms, two key points are distinguished, based on which the disease is divided into types:

1. Low insulin production of pancreatic intrasectoral cells.
2. Violation of the hormone's ability to act on the body, the immunity of insulin cells.

In the case of insufficient insulin products, type 1 diabetes is developed. This occurs due to autoimmune processes in the body: antibodies against insulin, secretory cell structures and enzymes are produced.

Provocative factors in the development of autoimmune disorders can serve:

• viral infections;
• Violation of nutrition during pregnancy, during food;
• unfavorable environmental situation;
• Stress action.

Type 1 diabetes is more frequently diagnosed in young people. The first manifestations of pathology occur when the death of intraregional cells reaches more than 80%. The disease proceeds with a high risk of complications, all types of metabolism suffer significantly.

Type 2 diabetes occurs with the immunity of tissue receptors to insulin action. In this case, the hormone is reproduced in normal or slightly reduced quantities. The mechanism of such violations is associated with the initially lower insulin structure (hereditary predisposition) or the changes acquired, as a result of which the transmission of the signal of the receptors to the internal structures of the cell is violated.

Cause the development of type 2 disease can:

• Inadequate food diet, eating in excess;
• sedentary lifestyle;
• hypertension;
• alcohol abuse;
• changes related to age;
• obesity;
• Uncontrolled medication.

Diagnostic diagnosis methods

According to statistics, approximately 2. 5% of the population worldwide suffers from diabetes. The number of people with a latent or predisposed course to the disease is much more. Over time, identified hyperglycemia allows you to prevent serious complications.

The main method to diagnose disorder is laboratory tests. The most reliable sign of deteriorated metabolism is an increase in blood sugar with an empty stomach of more than 6. 1 mmol/l, and 2 hours after meals, more than 11. 1 mmol/l. With doubtful results, a glucosotolerant test is used.

People under 45 are recommended to examine the blood sugar level at least every 3 years. Annually, a detection exam for people at risk is necessary:

• obesity;
• age after 45 years;
• hereditary predisposition;
• Increased glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides.

Patients in the risk group and with an already identified disease need a more exhaustive study by laboratory and instrumental methods. The equipment in centers or clinics in the treatment of diabetes meets world diagnostic standards.

Modern Clinics offers several diabetes treatment programs aimed at identifying metabolic disorders and complications in the early stages. They include:

• Biochemical blood analysis (all necessary indicators: glucose, lipid spectrum, protein, transaminase, potassium, urea, creatinine, uric acid, calcium);
• Clinical blood analysis;
• urine analysis;
• inspection of an ophthalmologist;
• duplex scan of the main arteries of the head;
• Consult in Endocrinologist.

Of particular importance is the study of the level of glyded blood hemoglobin for long-term control over glucose (the last 2-3 months) and the quality of the quality of therapy. The test is included in the specialized care standard and should be carried out to all patients with diabetes every 3 months.

The methodology to determine this indicator requires high quality equipment and interpretation of the data. In the center of diabetes treatment, the modern laboratory team allows you to monitor the results with high precision, without the need for reanalysis. Patient services are experienced specialists, a broad profile of diagnostic capacities, the latest research and treatment technologies.

Diabetes treatment methods

There are no effective ways to cure completely. Most of the time, the treatment of diabetes is reduced to the achievement of stable indicators of the blood glucose level, the prevention of late complications and the normalization of the lipid blood spectrum and the level of blood pressure.

All patients should adhere to a diet. It is recommended to limit rapid carbohydrates, to balance the protein ratio (20%), fats (20%) and carbohydrates (60%). Food calories content should correspond to physical activity. In mild cases, it is possible to achieve compensation for pathology using a diet.

All patients are trained in self -control. The patient determines the level of sugar in the capillary blood using portable glucometers. The long -term monitoring of the indicators and the effectiveness of the therapy is controlled by an endocrinologist.

Pharmacological treatment includes taking oral sugar fat agents and insulin therapy. Indications for insulin replacement therapy:

• all patients with type 1 diabetes;
• inefficiency of other types of treatment;
• signs of decompensation of metabolic disorders;
• ketoacidosis;
• Intolerance to oral agents to the decrease in sugar;
• Remote pancreas.

Compensation criteria for metabolic disorders:

1. The level of glucosal hemoglobin is less than 7%.
2. Blood glucose in an empty stomach without stomach that 5. 0-6. 5 mmol/l.
3. Blood glucose after 2 hours after eating without 8-10 mmol/L.
4. Blood glucose before bedtime: less than 7. 5 mmol/l.
5. Blood cholesterol: less than 4. 8 mmol/l.
6. Triglycerides without 1. 7-1. 8 mmol/l.
7. Blood pressure: less than 130/80 mm Hg. pillar.

An important condition for proper control over the disease is the choice of an experienced specialist. If you need to undergo an exam or treatment of diabetes in a hospital, choose carefully clinics that offer professional and quality services.